Заняття № 54Тема: Машини та обладнання для тваринництва. Робота із словником. Реферативний переклад. Методичні рекомендації:1. Вивчіть нову лексику.
2. Вивчіть англійські ідіоми та перекладіть речення.
3. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст “Mechanization in Livestock Raising”.
4. Виконайте вправи на закріплення лексики.
5. Дайте відповіді на питання.
6. Підберіть до англійських слів із колонки А українські еквіваленти із колонки Б.
7. Перекладіть речення з лексикою за професійним спрямуванням.
8. Прочитайте граматичний матеріал “ Реферативний переклад” та виконайте завдання.
1. Вивчіть нову лексику.down and feather of poultry [ˈdɑun ənd ˈfeðər əv ˈpɔu ltri] - пух та пір'я птиці
draft cattle [ˈdrɑ:ft ˈkætəl] - тяглова велика рогата худоба
dual – purpose cattle [ˈdjuəl ˈpə:pəsˈkætəl] – м'ясо- молочна худоба 
hog [hɔg] - свиня 
barn [b ɑ:n] - сарай
lamb [ˈlæm] - ягня 
calve [ˈk ɑ:v] - теля
poultry [ˈp ɔu ltri] - домашня птиця 
cowshed [ˈkɑuˌʃed] – корівник
sheep – pen [ˈʃiːp ˈpen] - вівчарня
poultry house - пташник
automatic waterer [ˌɔtəˈmætɪk ˈwɔtərə] –автоматична поїлка
feed trough [ˈfiːd ˈtrɔf] - годівниця
self – feeder - самостійної подачі, самогодівниця, автокормушка
objection [əbˈdʒekʃən] - перешкода
fibre content [‘fibrə kənˈtent] - вміст волокна
roughage [ˈrʌfɪdʒ] - грубі корми
succulent [ˈsʌk ju:lənt] - соковитий
2. Вивчіть англійські ідіоми та перекладіть речення. 
take a dim view of something - осудити 
take a break - зробити перерву 
take advantage of - скористатися можливістю 
take after - бути схожим на батьків (батька) 
take a stand on something - зайняти чітку позицію, думку 
take care of - подбати про когось, чимось, доглянути за 
take hold of something - взяти, тримати 
take into account - взяти до уваги 
take it easy - не хвилюйся 
take (it) for granted - приймати як належне 
Вправа.
1. My sister takes a dim view of the way I raise my children.
2. Let’s take a break, I’m tired.
3. We took advantage of the low prices and bought a computer and a monitor.
4. Tom takes after his father in character, and after his mother in appearance.
5. People need to take a stand on the issue of nuclear weapons.
6. Can you take care of my dog while I’m away? Tom takes good care of his car.
7. Take hold of this rope and pull.
8. You must take into account her old age.
9. Take it easy, everything will be OK.
10. Mother's love is always taken for granted by children.
3. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст “Mechanization in Livestock Raising” 
Animal husbandry, a branch of agricultural production, includes the breeding of farm animals and their use. 
Farm animals 
are highly important sources of food for man.
They are known to produce highly nutritious products (дуже поживні продукти) such as
milk,
meat and
eggs. In addition, the skin of animals, down and feather of poultry and wool of sheep are used as raw materials to produce clothing and for many other purposes. The most important group of farm animals is 
cattle 
.
There are four types of cattle.
They are 
dairy cattle,
beef cattle,
draft cattle and
dual – purpose cattle.
Important sources in producing human food are sheep and hogs.
A lot of work has to be done by a farmer in caring for his livestock and their products. Barns and other buildings are to be provided in order to protect the animals from unfourable weather.
Young animals –
lambs,
calves and
pigs are known to require special care and protection.
At present separate buildings are usually provided for each kind of livestock such as cattle, sheep, hogs, and poultry. Cowsheds, sheep – pens, pigsties and poultry houses should be comfortable for livestock and workers who take care of the animals.
Much attention is now paid to
lighting,
ventilation,
temperature, and
humidity in animal building. 
Further increase in animal productivity is achieved both by the 
introduction of new machinery and by wider electrification and automation of different process on livestock farms. 
Some kinds of livestock equipment are almost completely automatic, thus eliminating most of the hand labour. Many farmers use now automatic waterers which provide water to livestock at all times. At the press of the button silage unloaders remove silage from the silo and drop it into the conveyer that carries the silage to the feed troughs. The feeding of grain and hay to dairy cattle has also been almost completely mechanized on some farms. On some farms manure is collected and transported automatically.
In systems where the place of feeding is
adjacent to storage (примикає до складу кормів), it is often possible for conveyer to act as distributor. In other systems the feed is brought to
a hopper (бункер) by conveyer and is distributed to the animals by another means.
Among the numerous types of distributors the self – feeders are most simple device. They are inexpensive to install, and
have the advantage of keeping feed always available to the animals ( має перевагу бо постачає корм в любий час). The major disadvantage of self – feeding is the difficulty of regulating
feed intake and determining consumption (споживання кормів та визначення їхніх затрат).
There are several types of mechanical feeding lines (механічні живильні лінії) which are alternative to self – feeding and which are
more highly recommended (особливо рекомендуються) for present – day livestock farming.
There are
chain – drag and shuttle – stroke types of conveyers (ланцюговий та зворотно – поступальний транспортери). In both instances (в обох випадках) there is the objection that material
must be metered (необхідно дозувати) into the distributor
at the rate it is to be placed (на порції, які необхідно покласти) before the livestock. This means also that no fresh feed can be added without discarding what was left from the previous feeding.
An
open auger with plank sides (відкритий шнек) is a simple distributor for silage. The amount of feed
per foot of bunk length (на фунт довжини кормушки) is regulated by the height of the auger above the feed bunk.
Bearing need to be located (необхідно встановити опори) on the side carrying the least amount of feed. Both forages and concentrates can be distributed by an auger
enclosed in a tube (встановлені в трубі) with adjustable holes, or with holes designed for gradually changing levels about every two feet.
Feeds are classified into three groups, depending on their fibre content and nutritive value. 
They are roughages,
concentrates and
protein supplements. Roughages may contain from 25 to 40% fibre. For these reason they are not suitable for hogs but one can give large quantities of roughages to cattle and sheep.
Roughages may be succulent (silage, pasture grasses) and dry. The common forms of dry roughage are hay and straw. Good hay is one that contains much green leaf. Oat straw is a valuable feed for beef cattle and
low – yielding dairy caws (мало удойні корови). Barley straw is sometimes fed to beef animals. It is more digestible than wheat straw (it is high in indigestible fibre).
Concentraters being high in energy, all classes of farm animals are fed with such feeds. The main concentrated feeds are different kinds of cereals.
Feed containing protein of about 20% is known as a protein feed. Animals require from 10 to 20 per cent protein in their ration, depending of their age and productivity.
Different machines are now being used which permit a better digestion of various feeds by livestock. For instance,
grain grinders, feed mixers, forage cutters increase the feeding value of grain, roughages and other feeds. 
Milk pipelines connected to milking machines carry the milk to milk tanks where it is automatically cooled to the proper temperature.
Automatic milking is the milking of dairy animals, especially of dairy cattle, without human labour. Automatic milking systems (AMS), also called voluntary milking systems (VMS), or were developed in the late 20th century. They are commercially available since the early 1990s. The core of such systems, that allows complete automation of the milking process, is a type of agricultural robot. Automated milking is therefore also called robotic milking. Common systems rely on the use of computers and special herd management software.
Basics – milking process and milking schedules The milking process is the collection of tasks specifically devoted to extracting milk from an animal. This process may be broken down into several subtasks: collecting animals before milking, routing animals into the parlour, inspection and
cleaning of teats (огляд і очищення сосків), attachment of milking equipment to teats, and often
massaging the back of the udder (масування задньої частині вимені) to relieve any held back milk, extraction of milk, removal of milking equipment, routing of animals out of the parlour.
Maintaining milk yield during the lactation period (approximately 300 days) requires consistent milking intervals, usually twice daily and with maximum time spacing between milkings. In fact all activities must be scheduled around the milking process on the dairy farm. Such a milking routine imposes restrictions on time management and personal life of an individual farmer, as the farmer is committed to milking in the early morning and in the evening for seven days a week regardless of personal health, family responsibilities or social schedule. This time restriction is exacerbated for lone farmers and farm families if extra labour cannot easily or economically be obtained, and is a factor in the decline in small-scale dairy farming. Techniques such as once-a-day milking and voluntary milking have been investigated to reduce these time constraints.
Voluntary milking allows the cow to decide its own milking time and interval, rather than being milked as part of a group at set milking times. AMS requires complete automation of the milking process, as the cow may elect to be milked at any time during a 24 hour period.
The milking unit (доїльний апарат) comprises a milking machine, a teat position sensor (usually a laser), a robotic arm for automatic teat-cup application and removal, and a gate system for controlling cow traffic. The cows may be permanently housed in a barn, and spend most of their time resting or feeding in the free-stall area. If cows are
to be grazed (паслися) as well, a selection gate is required to allow only those cows that have been milked to the outside pastures.
When the cow elects to enter the milking unit (due to highly palatable feed that she finds in the milking box), a cow ID sensor reads
an identification tag (transponder) (особистий знак) on the cow and passes the cow ID to the control system. If the cow has been milked too recently, the automatic gate system sends the cow out of the unit. If the cow may be milked, automatic teat cleaning, milking cup application, milking, and teat spraying takes place. As an incentive to attend the milking unit, concentrated feedstuffs needs to be fed to the cow in the milking unit.
Typical VMS stall layout (forced cow traffic layout) The barn may be arranged such that access to the main feeding area can only be obtained by passing the milking unit. This layout is referred to as forced cow traffic. Alternatively,
the barn may be set up such that the cow always has access to feed, water, and a comfortable place to lie down and is only motivated to visit the milking system by the palatable feed available there. This is referred to as free cow traffic.
The innovative core of the AMS system is the robotic manipulator in the milking unit. This robotic arm automates the tasks of teat cleaning and milking attachment and removes the final elements of manual labour from the milking process. Careful design of the robot arm and associated sensors and controls allows robust unsupervised performance, such that the farmer is only required to attend the cows for condition inspection and when a cow has not attended for milking.
Typical capacity for an AMS is 50–70 cows per milking unit. AMS usually achieve milking frequencies between 2 and 3 times per day, so a single milking unit handling 60 cows and milking each cow 3 times per day has a capacity of 7.5 cows per hour. This low capacity is convenient for lower-cost design of the robot arm and associated control system, as a window of several minutes is available for each cow and high-speed operation is not required.
AMS units have been available commercially since the early 1990s, and have proved relatively successful in implementing the voluntary milking method. Many of the research and developments have taken place in the Netherlands. The most farms with AMS are located in the Netherlands, and Denmark.
A new variation on the theme of robotic milking includes a similar robotic arm system, but coupled with a rotary platform, improving the number of cows that can be handled per robot arm.
Advantages -Elimination of labour
- The farmer is freed from the milking process and associated rigid schedule, and labour is devoted to supervision of animals, feeding, etc.
- Milking consistency
– The milking process is consistent for every cow and every visit, and is not influenced by different persons milking the cows. The four separate milking cups are removed individually, meaning that an empty quarter does not stay attached while the other three are finishing, resulting in less threat of injury. The newest models of automatic milkers can vary the pulsation rate and vacuum level based on milk flow from each quarter.
-Increased milking frequency.
– Milking frequency may increase to three times per day, however typically 2.5 times per day is achieved. This may result in less stress on the udder and increased comfort for the cow, as on average less milk is stored. Higher frequency milking increases milk yield per cow, however much of this increase is water rather than solids.
-Perceived lower stress environment.
– There is a perception that
elective milking schedules (виборні графіки доїння) reduce cow stress.
-
Herd management (система управління стадом). The use of computer control
allows greater scope for data collection (дозволяє більш широкі можливості для збору даних). Such data allows the farmer to improve management through analysis of trends in the herd, for example response of milk production to changes in feedstuffs. Individual cow histories may also be examined, and alerts set to warn the farmer of unusual changes indicating illness or injury. Information gathering provides added value for AMS, however correct interpretation and use of such information is highly dependent on the skills of the user or the accuracy of computer algorithms to create attention reports.
Considerations and disadvantages -Higher initial cost
– AMS systems cost approximately €120,000 ($190,524) per milking unit.
-Whether it is economically beneficial to invest in an AMS instead of a conventional milking parlor depends on constructions costs, investments in the milking system and costs of labour. Besides costs of labour, the availability of labour should also be taken into account. In general, an AMS is economically beneficial for smaller scale farms, and large dairies can usually operate more cheaply with
a milking parlor (доїльне приміщення).
-Increased electricity costs - to operate the robots, but this can be more than outweighed by reduced labour input.
-Increased complexity – While complexity of equipment is a necessary part of technological advancement, the increased complexity of the AMS milking unit over conventional systems, increases the reliance on manufacturer maintenance services and possibly increasing operating costs.
In some poultry houses time clock devices are installed so that chickens can be fed automatically at the desired time of the day. On many poultry farms eggs are cleaned, graded and packed primarily by automation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-cl=85114404&v=b-W7uzo0PRo&x-yt-ts=1422579428&feature=player_detailpage https://www.youtube.com/watch?x-yt-cl=85114404&v=KH1YvBN0M50&x-yt-ts=1422579428&feature=player_detailpage4. Виконайте вправи на закріплення лексики. Вправа 1. Складіть антонімічні пари: 
unfourable, cheaply, disadvantage, automatically, dry, favourable, increase, advantage, heat, succulent, directly, digestible, manually, indigestible, cool, decrease, full, indirectly, empty, expensively.
Вправа 2. Складіть синонімічні пари: hog, require, cattle, grade, traffic, sort, due to, need, thank to, access, livestock, entry, milker, pig, milking machine, movement.
Вправа 3. Вставте в речення потрібну лексику. Animals and babies1. 
A baby cat is called a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet) . Interestingly, the same word is used for a baby rabbit! 
2. 
A baby dog is called a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet) .
3. A baby cow is called a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet). This word also means your lower leg, from your ankle to your knee.
4. A baby sheep is called a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet) .
5. A baby goat is called a ...(cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet) . So is any human child, from babyhood through the teenage years!
6. 
A baby pig is called a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet) .
7. 
A baby horse is called a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet) if it is a boy...
8. 
... and a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet) if it is a girl!
9. 
A baby duck is called a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet).
10. 
A baby goose is called a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet) .
11. 
A baby swan is called a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet) .
12. 
A baby turkey is called a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet) .
13. 
And finally, a baby chicken is called a ... (cygnet; calf; kitten; filly; poult; gosling; puppy; kid; lamb; colt; chick; duckling; piglet) .
The same word can be used for any newly hatched baby bird, except the waterbirds in questions 9 and 10!
Перевірте тест online
http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-70324.php
5. Дайте відповіді на питання: 
1. What is animal husbandry?
2. Why are farm animals highly important for people?
3. What farm animals do you know?
4. What feeds for livestock do you know?
5. What machines are used in animal husbandry?6. Підберіть до англійських слів із колонки А українські еквіваленти із колонки Б. А. the class of ruminants, the omnivorous animal, to bred, confinement, the pure breed, pregnant, breed, sow, anemia, fowl, goats, apiculture, lard, mutton, wax, honey, carnivorous, herbivorous.
Б. сало, клас жуйних тварин; травоїдний , віск, птиця , кози, чиста порода, порода, мед, баранина, свиноматка, малокрів’я, всеїдна тварина, розводити; вагітна, бджільництво, м'ясоїдний .
7. Перекладіть речення з лексикою за професійним спрямуванням: 1. Livestock are domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber.
2. Mammalian livestock can be used as a source of milk, which can in turn easily be processed into other dairy products, such as yogurt, cheese, butter, ice cream, kefir, and kumis.
3. Modern farming techniques seek to minimize human involvement, increase yield, and improve animal health.
4. Animals such as horses , donkey 
, and yaks can be used for mechanical energy.8. Прочитайте граматичний матеріал “ Реферативний переклад” та виконайте завдання. Реферати́вний пере́клад — різновид перекладу, при якому відбувається стиснення основного змісту вихідного тексту на одній мові засобами іншої. З однієї сторони, реферативний переклад являє собою форму реферування та змістовну редукцію тексту. З іншої сторони, він підпадає під означення перекладу як передачі інформації, яка міститься у деякому творі, засобами іншої мови.
Основні етапи реферативного перекладу Відповідно до першого з визначень терміну «реферативний переклад» існують наступні основні етапи його підготовки: - виділення ключових фрагментів;
- повне або часткове перефразування частини виділених ключових фрагментів;
- узагальнення змістовних частин тексту, що реферується, та їх трансдукція на мові перекладу;
- переказ отриманого ряду трансдуктів (кінцевого тексту) при умові введення у кінцевий текст перехідних елементів.
Згідно з другим визначенням терміну «реферативний переклад» робота над ним відбувається за такою схемою: - докладне вивчення оригіналу;
- виклад змісту оригіналу за власним планом, який повинен відображати:
*проблематику тексту;
*основні питання твору;
*акценти, які, з точки зору аспіранта, заслуговують на особливу увагу;
*формулювання висновків, можливе висловлення оцінки.
Слід відмітити, що хоча в анотації та рефераті є певні спільні риси (оскільки обидва ці види творів належать до наукових мета текстів), але головною відмінністю між ними є те, що при реферативному перекладі основні мікротеми повинні бути не лише визначеними, як в анотаційному перекладі, але й повинні розкриватися більш обширно. Якщо в оригіналі є малюнки, креслення, то потрібно вибрати найбільш важливі і пояснити їх при перекладі.
Приклад реферативного перекладу “Solar Energy” Shortage of energy is a major world problem and experts predict that the present rate of increase in energy can exhaust the supply of fossil fuels in the twenty-first century. What the world needs is a source of perpetual energy. Potentially, we have a source of perpetual energy shining down on us. The Sun. [On clear day in the tropics, the intensity of solar energy can be more than a kilowatt per square metre at midday. That amount of energy falling on an area of sixty-four square kilometres is about as much as the whole of the British electricity generating system produces.
There is no charge for the energy that flows so freely from the Sun.] Unfortunately its collection and storage can be both difficult and expensive. [Some form of storage is necessary because the sun's rays do not reach us on cloudy days or at night]. Nevertheless, solar energy is now an economic and practicable solution.
It is possible to convert solar energy directly to electricity by the use of photoelectric cells but for most practicable purposes this is too expensive. Today's solar energy systems are of two types, based on the flat plate collector and the focusing collector. [The flat plate collector is simpler and cheaper. In its simplest form, the sun's rays fall onto a panel car-rying water pipes. The Sun heats the water which is then available for use].Focusing systems can trap a much higher proportion, of the sun's energy and also produce much higher temperatures. [People have known this principle for a long time. As far back as 212 В..С. Archimedes, using focusing mirrors, set fire on the Roman fleet.]
Сонячна ЕнергіяНестача енергії - важлива світова проблема і фахівці передбачають, що сучасний темп зростання потреб в енергії може вичерпати запас горючих копалин в XXI столітті. Світ має потребу в джерелі вічної енергії.
Потенціально у нас є джерело вічної енергії. Це - сонце.
На жаль, уловлювання і зберігання сонячної енергії може бути складним і дорогим. Проте, зараз використання сонячної енергії є екологічним і реальним рішенням. Використовуючи фотоелементи можна перетворити сонячну енергію безпосередньо в електрику. Нині існують два типи систем сонячної енергії, які базуються на плоскому колекторі і фокусуючому колекторі. Фокусуючі системи можуть уловлювати значно більше сонячної енергії, а також створювати значно високі температури.
Виконання вправи на реферативний переклад. Прочитайте та перекладіть: “Agricultural Mechanic’s Pathway” Because workers in the Agricultural Mechanics pathway are responsible for the efficient operation of farm machinery, opportunities in the farm equipment industry will grow as farms merge and grow larger. Agricultural and farm equipment mechanics are responsib-le for the maintenance, repair, and installation of machines that increase the efficiency of farming activities, such as planting, harvesting, and irrigating crops. Agricultural mechanics also service and repair smaller lawn and garden equipment operated by suburban homeowners.
Important skills for this pathway include the ability to maintain and repair farm machines, such as large tractors or combines. Dairy equipment repairers maintain and repair milking machines and other equipment used by dairy farmers. Modern farm equipment utilizes computers, electronics, and hydraulics, which means that workers need to continu-ally update their skills. In fact, what was once a general repairer’s job has become a more specialized technical field in the farm industry. As a result, many farmers rely on farm equipment dealers to maintain and repair their machinery because the equipment is more complex than in the past. Another occupation in this pathway is agricultural engineer-someone who designs equipment and technology to meet farmer needs.
Some agricultural mechanics receive formal training in professional/technical schools and two-year colleges, where they learn the basics of diesel engines, transmissions, and hydraulics. Other mechanics learn their skills on the job, receiving training from more experienced mechanics and from training sessions conducted by heavy equipment manufacturers. Competition for workers is keen because of the scarcity of qualified people to fill agricultural mechanic positions.
