Заняття № 17Тема: Вплив науково-технічного прогресу на життя людини. Прийменники напрямку.Методичні рекомендації1. Вивчіть нові лексичні одиниці;
2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст;
3. Дайте відповіді на питання;
4. Прочитайте текст "With the help of technology, life is easier today than in the past" та опишіть українською ту частину тексту де описується проблема, що цікавить вас особисто.
5. Прочитайте про 10 найвідоміших відкриттів ХХ сторіччя та перекладіть.
6. Виконайте письмове завдання на вживання прийменників напрямку. Завдання № 1. Вивчіть нові лексичні одиниці:
to overestimate -переоцінити
to investigate - досліджувати
miracle - диво
splitting of the atom - pозщеплення атома
Завдання № 2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст " Scientific and Technological Progress"
It's difficult to overestimate the role of science and technology in our life. They accelerate the development of civilization and help us in our cooperation with nature.
Scientists investigate the laws of the universe, discover the secrets of nature, and apply their knowledge in practice improving the life of people.
Let's compare our life nowadays with the life of people at the beginning of the 20th century.
It has changed beyond recognition. Our ancestors hadn't the slightest idea of the trivial things created by the scientific progress that we use in our every day life. I mean refrigerators, TV sets, computers, microwave ovens, radio telephones, what not.
They would seem miracles to them that made our life easy, comfortable and pleasant. On the other hand, the great inventions of the beginning of the 20th century, I mean radio, airplanes, combustion and jet engines have become usual things and we can't imagine our life without them. A century is a long period for scientific and technological progress, as it's rather rapid. Millions of investigations the endless number of outstanding discoveries have been made.
Our century has had several names that were connected with a certain era in science and technology. At first it was called the atomic age due to the discovery of the splitting of the atom. Then it became the age of the conquest of space when for the first time in the history of mankind a man overcame the gravity and entered the Universe. And now we live in the information era when the computer network embraces the globe and connects not only the countries and space stations but a lot of people all over the world. All these things prove the power and the greatest progressive role of science in our life.
But every medal has its reverse. And the rapid scientific progress has aroused a number of problems that are a matter of our great concern. These are ecological problems, the safety of nuclear power stations, the nuclear war threat, and the responsibility of a scientist. But still we are grateful to the outstanding men of the past and the present who have courage and patience to disclose the secrets of the Universe.
Завдання № 3. Дайте відповіді на питання. 1. What does science and technology do in our life ?
2. What do scientists investigate ?
3. How is the 20th century called? 4. Прочитайте текст "With the help of technology, life is easier today than in the past"та опишіть українською ту частину тексту де описується проблема, що цікавить вас особисто. 
:?: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?
With the help of technology, life is easier today than in the past.
Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 
One of my professors is keen on new gadgets, he knows almost everything about the latest technologies and his cherished dream is to make science fiction come true.
He has a bee in his bonnet about the natural needs or, so to say, bounds such as dependence on food, water, air, warmth, etc. He claims that they eat up much time and make him a slave of his imperfect body (Він стверджує, що вони з'їдають багато часу і зроблять його рабом свого недосконалого тіла). To overcome this annoying weakness he wishes he could pioneer a special pill, stuffed with vitamins, proteins, etc, as nutritious as a regular meal. 
Among his ingenious ideas there’s also a tiny chip which could store an unlimited amount of information. According to my imaginative professor, one would simply have this neat device implanted in one’s brain and easily upload tons of dictionaries, manuals and handbooks. 
…Doubtless, progress has considerably influenced our present-day lifestyle. We can’t do without items our grandparents couldn’t even dream of. 
Take my mom: she’ll assure you that every morning her coffeemaker saves her life! 
Scientific progress has given us mind-boggling opportunities (запаморочливі можливості): we can visit every corner of the globe, get in touch with anyone we wish, buy everything we like, attend diverse events (відвідують різні заходи) and get the latest news from all over the world without even having to leave home. 
Technology feeds us, heats us, entertains us, treats us, saves our lives, educates us, connects us, moves us from one place to another and this isn’t an exhaustive list of its high points.
On the other hand, this leads to a one-sided dependence. We become slaves of our own creations. We are so much used to banking on machines almost in every task, that gradually we lose our own skills. Nowadays very few people can survive in the wild lacking simple knowledge which used to be common several centuries ago. 
Now and then scientists scare us with fearsome forecasts (Зараз вчені лякають нас страшними прогнозами). The latest one warns the mankind about a powerful flash on the sun due in several years. It is expected to disable all the electrical appliances on Earth. 
Can you picture the situation that will follow?
Would it be possible for the hospitals, offices, banks, public transport, schools and communication systems to work?
Do you think there would be any running water, central heat or sewerage? 
I doubt that.
Yet, I’m not trying to scary (лякати) you.
Indeed, technology facilitates life today in every way, but as a result people become lazy and weak. I like this witty saying: “Laziness is the engine of scientific progress”. To my mind we must remember that machines are neither vital nor irreplaceable (ні життєво необхідні, ні незамінні).
At any moment we must be able to cope without their help just as our ancestors did.
At any rate, progress is inevitable (неминучий). Some people aspire to it, others call it a reverse process and refuse to adapt. However, there’s one thing I’d like to draw your attention to. Here’s an example which will illustrate my point.
My father shudders (здригається) at the thought that aliens might land on our planet. I’m not joking - my 60-year-old dad fears practically nothing, but extraterrestrials (позаземні цивілізації). It’s not that he’s unsociable; indeed he’s one of the most hospitable people I’ve ever seen.
The point is that there’s a common belief that the passengers of the flying saucers are sure to be: a) green-skinned, b) goggle-eyed and c) cunning invaders. They are thought to be extremely smart and callous regarding the Earth and the earthman as nothing more than a material for their inhumane experiments.
Me, personally, I think it’s nonsense. Nevertheless, this phobia of my father’s shows us how dangerous may be pure intellect and scientific curiosity if dominating moral principles and cultural values.
I’m of the view that scientific progress is not an aim; it’s a consequence of the galloping development of the human mind. Thus, technology is not a panacea or an absolute necessity, but an accessible luxury. These two aspects help us go further, understand better, think faster, but they are harmful, if they go against such notions as love, friendship, compassion and mutual respect.5. Прочитайте про 10 найвідоміших відкриттів ХХ сторіччя та перекладіть. 
Top Ten Scientific Discoveries of the 20th Century
:?: What were some of the most significant scientific achievements in the last century? The twentieth century has witnessed some of the most revolutionary discoveries in the history of mankind. They have a given new dimension (вимірювання) to the scientific world. Here is an overview of the ten most famous inventions of the twentieth century.
Transistor: 
Transistor is a semiconductor device that is used to amplify or switch electronic signals. It is an important component of many electronic devices such as telephones and computers. In 1925, Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, an Austrian-Hungarian physicist filed a patent for the principle of field-effect transistor. Dr. Oskar Heil, a German physicist patented another field-effect transistor in 1947. William Shockley contributed to a deeper knowledge about the working of a transistor, which is regarded as one of the greatest inventions of the 20th century.Television:
Today, one will hardly find a home without a television set. Watching TV is a favorite leisure activity for most of us. But not many know about the discovery of television. During its early stages of development, a television included the technologies, which were used to capture, transmit and display images. Leon Theremin, an inventor from Russia developed a drum-based television system. Later that year, moving images were transmitted for the first time ever from Washington DC to New York City. By the end of 1930, televisions were available in markets across the globe.
World Wide Web: 
The World Wide Web, commonly abbreviated as WWW is defined as a system of hypertext documents that are accessed over the Internet. Tim Berners-Lee, an English scientist is credited with the invention of the World Wide Web. Its development began in 1990 and it was made available to the public in April 1993. Thanks to the WWW, we can access the Internet through easy means.
Xerography: 
It is a technique of photocopying documents and visual images. Charles Floyd Carlson, an American physicist and inventor developed this technique in 1938. The technique was patented in 1942. Today, it is used in laser and LED printers as well as photocopying machines worldwide. It is interesting to know how the name 'xerography' was born. It is derived from Greek words, 'xerox' meaning 'dry' and 'graphos' meaning 'writing'.
DNA Profiling: 
The technique that is used in the identification of individuals on the basis of their DNA profiles, is known as DNA profiling. Forensic scientists use this technique commonly. Sir Alec Jeffreys, a British geneticist working at the University of Leicester in England reported the DNA profiling technique for the first time in 1985.
Microprocessor: 
A silicon chip that contains the central processing unit of a computer is referred to as a microprocessor. It is the central controlling unit of most of the digital devices as also computers and workstations. Microprocessors were introduced in the 1970s. Following their introduction, there has been a continuous growth in their capacities and speeds. Today, they are a part of a wide variety of electronic devices, ranging from embedded systems right up to supercomputers.
CD: 
Everyone knows what a CD is. Yes, it refers to an optical disc format that is used to store digital data. It was originally developed to store digital audio, but came to be used as a standard data storage media. It is capable of storing about 700 MB data. CDs hit the market in October 1982. The CD-ROM was introduced in 1985 and the CD-Recordable format came up in 1990.
Penicillin: 
The discovery of penicillin is attributed to Sir Alexander Fleming, a biologist and pharmacologist from Scotland. His research on antibacterial agents resulted in the discovery of an antibiotic substance called penicillin, which was derived from the fungus Penicillium notatum. The year 1928 witnessed the brilliant discovery of this antibiotic. This achievement of Alexander Fleming earned him the Noble Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
Flip Flop: 
An electronic circuit that has two stable states is referred to as a flip-flop. British physicists, William Eccles and F.W. Jordan invented the flip-flop in 1918. Initially it consisted of two radio tubes. Today's flip-flops consist of two control signals and a clock signal and require power and ground connections. They are used to store data and can be used to build finite state machines.
Computer Mouse: 
A computer mouse is a pointing device that detects two-dimensional motion in relation to a computer screen. It is an integral part of a computer system. Do you know when was it invented? Well, it was invented in 1968 by Douglas Engelbart, an American inventor working at the Stanford Research Institute. The invention of the computer mouse was taken as a very small discovery that was a part of a much larger project and Engelbart received no royalties for his invention. He continued with research on pointing devices and conceptualized many more. He is surely to be thanked for his brilliant discovery of this most popular pointing device, a computer mouse.
This was a list of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. These inventions have changed the face of the world and the way we live.
6. Виконайте письмове завдання на вживання прийменників напрямку.
Вправа1. Виберіть правильний прийменник. 
1. a train ____ Odesa
A to / B for / C on
2. a ticket ____ the plane
A on/ B to / C for
3. the plans ____ the future
A for/ B on / C to
4. He is ____ his sister’s
A by/ B near / C at
5. ____ the ten o’clock show
A on / B in / C at
6. a visit ____ a college
A on / B at / C in / D to
7. ____ John’s birthday
A on / B at / C in
8. What are the office hours ____ you?
A at / B by / C near / D with
Вправа2. Виберіть правильний прийменник місця. 
____ the South; ___ the stadium; __ the corner; ___the post-office; __ the factory; ____ the meeting; __ the sky; __ the hostel; __ the station; __ the fifth floor; ____ the concert; ____ the picture; ____ the apple-tree; __ the forest; ___the newspaper; __ Ottava; __ the chemist’s; ____ the USA; ____ the air.
Вправа3. Виберіть правильний прийменник та вставте у речення. 
above / across / against / among / around / behind / towards / below / beneath / beside/ onto/ over / out of . a. The cowboy leant _____ the bar in the saloon, drinking a beer.
b. She took her purse _____ her bag and paid the taxi driver.
c. Our cat just loves to curl up ________ the fire and go to sleep.
d. The view from the top of the mountain was breathtaking. We could see the town and the river ______ us, and people who looked like ants.
e. Last night the temperature fell to three degrees _____ zero.
f. The burglar heard a noise coming from upstairs, so he hid _____ the curtains.
g. The dog jumped _____ my lap, and settled down for a good sleep.
h. The hunter froze as the tiger started running ____ him. He had nowhere to hide.
i. She has beautiful works of art all ____ her house, even in the kitchen and the bedroom.
j. These days, politicians like to walk ____ the crowds, shaking hands and saying one or two words.
k. He climbed _____ the wall and ran _____ the field.
l. The plane took off and was soon flying _____ the clouds.
Вправа4. Виберіть правильний прийменник та вставте у речення. 
a. I’d love to be able to visit every country _____ the world.
b. “Have you read any books _____ Margaret White?” “No, I’ve never heard of her.”
c. “Is there a bank near here?” “Yes, there’s one _____ the end of this road.”
d. Tim is away at the moment. He’s ______ holiday.
e. You’ve got a dirty mark ____ your cheek. Have a look _____ the mirror.
f. We went _____ a party ______ Linda’s house on Saturday.
g. Bombay is _____ the west coast of India.
h. Look at the leaves ______ the tree. They’re a beautiful colour.
i. “Have you ever been _____ Tokyo?” “No, I’ve never been _____ Japan.”
j. Mozart died _____ Vienna in 1791 _____ the age of 35.
k. “Are you _____ this photograph?” “Yes, that’s me, _____ the left.”
l. We went ______ the theatre last night. We had seats _____ the front row.
m. “Where’s the light switch?” “It’s _____ the wall _____ the door.”
n. What time did you arrive _____ the party?
o. I couldn’t decide what to eat. There was nothing ___ the menu that I liked.
p. We live _____ a tower block. Our flat is _____ the fifteenth floor.
q. “What did you think of the film?” “Some parts were a bit stupid but ____ the whole I enjoyed it.”
r. When you paid the hotel bill, did you pay ___ cash or _____ credit card?
s. “How did you get here? ____ the bus?” “No, _____ car.”
t. A “I wonder what’s _____ television this evening. Have you got a newspaper?”
B “Yes, the TV programmes are _____ the back page.”
Вправа5. Виберіть правильний прийменник. 
ПрочитайтеPrepositionsACROSS -- from one side to another side:
Where is the nearest bridge across the river? 
The horses are galloping across the field
--on the opposite side of: My school is just across the road.
THROUGHHe is riding his motorbike through the town. 
the road passes through a tunnel.
The man is looking at the city through the window 
through a hole, a door, a corridor, a crowd, a forestBETWEENYou can see Ayers rock between two trees 
There are many differences between Jane and her sister.
We are going to share the bill between the two of us.
Our house is located between the mountains and the sea.AMONGThey are among the trees. 
Among all of the many animals at the zoo, the monkeys are my favourite. 
AGAINST :arrow: --in contact with: 
They are sitting against a palm tree.
--in opposition : They got married against their parents' wishes.Вправа. 1. The prepositions OFF, TO, and IN are ... (across; through; between; against; among; opposite) the ten most frequently used.
2.
The astronomer is standing, looking at the stars... (across; through; between; against; among; opposite) his telescope.3.
The weather is awful, we can hear the sound of the rain drumming ... (across; through; between; against; among; opposite) the window. 4.
These tuareg people are making a journey ... (across; through; between; against; among; opposite) the desert.
5.
...(across; through; between; against; among; opposite) you and me I prefer relaxing than exercising.6.
The man sitting ... (across; through; between; against; among; opposite) me on the train was reading a newspaper.7.
Tom was injured in last Saturday's game ... (across; through; between; against; among; opposite) the league champions.
8.
The Pyrenees mountains lie along the border ... (across; through; between; against; among; opposite) France and Spain. 9.
How long the journey takes will depend on how long it takes to get ... (across; through; between; against; among; opposite) the traffic 10. Unemployment is quite high, especially ... (across; through; between; against; among; opposite) young people.
